A man’s fertility is not determined by how strong he looks, how sexually active he is or how much semen he releases. Sperm health depends on several factors, including sperm count, movement, shape and the ability to fertilise an egg.
1. Difficulty getting a partner pregnant. If a couple has been having regular unprotected sex for 12 months without pregnancy, fertility assessment is recommended. Couples may seek help earlier if the woman is 35 or older or either partner has known risk factors.
2. Pain or swelling in the testicles. Persistent pain, swelling or a lump should be examined. Some conditions affecting the testicles can also affect sperm production.
3. A history of undescended testicles. Men who had an undescended testicle during childhood may have an increased risk of fertility problems, even after treatment.
4. Previous infections around the reproductive organs. Certain sexually transmitted infections and inflammation involving the reproductive tract can sometimes affect fertility.
5. Problems with ejaculation. Difficulty ejaculating or semen entering the bladder instead of coming out can interfere with natural conception.
6. Changes in sexual function. Erectile difficulties or reduced sexual desire may sometimes be associated with hormonal or other health problems that also affect fertility. They do not automatically mean sperm quality is poor.
7. Exposure to certain harmful substances. Smoking, heavy alcohol use, anabolic steroids, some medications and exposure to certain chemicals or excessive heat may affect sperm production.
Final thoughts: A man cannot reliably judge his sperm quality by looking at semen. If pregnancy is not happening, both partners should consider medical assessment. A semen analysis can provide useful information and help identify possible treatment options.
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