Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Persistent infection with certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes most cases. Early cervical cancer may produce no symptoms, which makes screening especially important.
Here are seven possible warning signs.
1. Bleeding after sex: Bleeding following sexual intercourse should be medically assessed, particularly when it happens repeatedly.
2. Bleeding between periods: Unusual bleeding outside normal menstrual periods can have several causes, including cervical conditions.
3. Bleeding after menopause: Any vaginal bleeding after menopause needs prompt medical evaluation.
4. Unusual vaginal discharge: Persistent discharge that is watery, blood-stained or has an unusual smell should be checked.
5. Pelvic pain: Ongoing pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis deserves assessment.
6. Pain during sex: Pain during intercourse can have many causes, but persistent or unexplained pain should not be ignored.
7. Persistent lower back or leg pain: In some advanced cases, cervical cancer may cause pain in the back, pelvis or legs.
How can women reduce their risk?
HPV vaccination can prevent infection from several HPV types responsible for most cervical cancers. Screening can identify precancerous changes before they develop into cancer.
Depending on age and local guidelines, screening may involve an HPV test, a Pap test or another recommended method.
These symptoms do not prove that a woman has cervical cancer. Infections, fibroids and other conditions can cause similar problems. However, persistent symptoms deserve medical attention.
Women should discuss vaccination and screening with a healthcare professional. Detecting precancerous changes and treating them can prevent many cases of cervical cancer.
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